Law is one of the prestigious professional degrees in Pakistan. There is a historical importance of Law in Pakistan as the founder of the country, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was a renowned lawyer of his times. However, a large number of students ought to join the profession to serve the nation. However, it is essential to know what the LLB degree holds for newcomers today. The article below discusses the scope of LLB in Pakistan with prospects and possible career options.   

Brief Introduction to LLB   

The Latin term LLB stands for “Legum Baccalaureus.” The future of this five-year undergraduate curriculum in Pakistan seems promising. Students can get enrolment in LLB after completing their intermediate.   

In Pakistan, there is no other programme besides LLB for students aspiring to work in the judiciary. Additionally, this degree enjoys the same status and reputation in Pakistani society as the engineering and MBBS, as well as being chosen by parents. However, there is a variety of BA. LLB courses that help its adherents succeed in order to gain its acknowledgement.  

It takes much work to get into law school, but if you succeed in a top law school, it will open up new career opportunities for you. LLB programme scope will help you land renowned jobs in society and legal areas.  

Admission Options for LLB  

After clearing intermediate, students who want to study Law and enter the judiciary can enrol in LLB at various law schools in Pakistan. The country holds top-notch institutions for the same. In the LLB, the student gets an opportunity to study and learn various subjects of Law.   However, there is an entry test to be clear to get admission to LLB. The admission test is known as Law Admission Test (LAT).

The beauty of Law is that it is multi-faceted and applies to every walk of life. Students can choose the specialisation according to their own interests and understanding. However, the whole study scheme is expanded over the subjects mentioned below.   

• Jurisprudence  
• Islamic Jurisprudence  
• Constitutional Law  
• Law of Contract  
• Law of Torts  
• Qanun-e-Shahadat (1984)  
• Criminal Law  
• Law of Equity & Specific Relief Act  
• Administrative Laws  
• Company Laws  
• The Arbitration Act (1940)  
• Law of Transfer of Property  
• Muslim Personal Laws  
• Majority Act 1875  
• Public International Law  
• Constitutional History of Pakistan  
• Civil Procedure Code (1908)  
• Service Law  
• Criminal Procedure Code (1998)  
• Medical Jurisprudence  
• Limitation Act  
• Service Tribunal  
• Urban Rent Laws  
• Law of Evidence & Legal Ethics  
• Conveyancing & Pleading  
• Interpretation of Statutes  
• The Stamp Act of 1899  
• Intellectual Property Laws  
• The Court Fees Act  (1870)  
• Interpretation of Statue  
• The Suit Valuation Act (1877)  
• Environment Laws  
• Banking Laws  
• Important Labor Laws  
• Income Tax Ordinance  
• Land Laws  
• Labor Code  

These are some of the prominent subjects of the extensive course of LLB. However, Law is an exciting, thrilling course of education that practically implies everywhere. Though on a national scale, there are quite famous institutions, and some of the institutions offer an international degree in Law to students in Pakistan.   

It is advised to watch out for the legal authoritativeness of all institutions with HEC and judiciary boards.   

Career Options after LLB   

After completing the LLB from any of the recognised institutions of Pakistan, students can start their professional careers in the following areas.   

• Attorney at Law  
• Judicial Magistrate  
• Assistant Advocate General  
• Lecturer in Law College  
• Legal Adviser  
• Court Reporter  
• Additional District & Sessions Judge.  
• Public Prosecutor.  
• Attorney General.  
• Advocate General.  
• Investigation Police  
• FIA  
• Law Branches of Different Departments  
• Excise Inspector  
• Different Investigation Agencies Like Anti-Corruption, NAB, CIA et  
• Anchor Person  
• Newspapers  
• Corporate Groups  
• Banks  
• Notary Public or Oath Commissioner  

However, pursuing an LLM degree further is advisable to excel in the career to the maximum potential and output. The learning and earning potential after completing LLB are explained in the text below.  

Education Path after LLB  

Though LLB is a bachelor’s degree, many students choose Political Science for their master’s. Academics advise students to pursue an LLM as their first choice because it would benefit them not only in their legal practice but also in papers for the judiciary and enable them to practise Law and become experts in the field. One may apply for civil judge and magistrate positions after earning their LLM. After making their LLBs, some students pursue a Post Graduate Diploma (PGD), Bar in Law, History, International Law, or English.  

Career Initiation After LLB 

After passing the LLB, the person can get enrolled in Bar Council. To practice law, enrolling with the provisional bar council is essential. You can check the requirements on the websites of your relevant provisional bar council.  

Earning Potential after LLB in Pakistan   

As LLB is a degree that is employable in multiple positions, it requires ample research to complete the scope of LLB in terms of remuneration and salary. However, a person with LLB can initiate a career as an independent service provider or corporate lawyer. According to reliable resources, the corporate lawyer can earn up to Rs. 600000/- per year.   

It is crucial to remember that salary majorly depends upon numerous factors, like personal and organisational positions and effecting circumstantial elements. Therefore, doing your research while going for any position is essential.   

Conclusion  

The LLB scope in Pakistan is vast, immense, and applicable to all areas of life. Be it family life, corporate life, or employee life. Everywhere legal jurisprudence is relevant. Therefore, making your career as a law expert in Pakistan is a great idea.   

 

CSS stands for Central Superior Services. The CSS exams are the most renowned competitive examinations in Pakistan. Every year, the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) conducts this examination and announces the results.

The purpose of this examination is to employ the most brilliant, disciplined, and capable individuals from all over Pakistan in twelve different federal government departments. CSS officers are referred to as bureaucrats.

Those who pass this exam are qualified to be hired as designated government officers with a BPS-17 position. In Pakistan, CSS, a permanent bureaucratic elite organization, is in charge of government secretaries, cabinet offices, and civil bureaucratic operations.

CSS Exams in Pakistan:

With the passage of time, the number of candidates who want to compete in CSS Exams has increased significantly. However, there are only a few of them have been able to pass the exams with the highest marks because these exams are the hardest exams to clear. That is why you need thorough preparation to ace them and earn a job in the public sector.

In addition, due to the great scope and multiple career opportunities the CSS provides to candidates, it has gained popularity as an option following graduation.

The Services You Can Apply for After Clearing CSS:

The following are the Federal Government Services to which you can apply if you have passed the exams for your chosen field of study:

• Commerce and Trade Services
• District Management Group
• Foreign Service of Pakistan
• Custom and Excise Service
• Information Group
• Income Tax Group
• Office Management Group
• Military Lands and Cantonments Group
• Police Service of Pakistan
• Postal Service Group
• Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service
• Railways (Commercial and Transportation Group)

Structure of CSS Exams:

If you are wondering how to prepare for CSS exams, you need first to learn about the structure of these exams. Central exams consist of four components that evaluate applicants’ knowledge, abilities, and intellectual quotient. These are as follows:

• Written Exams
• Medical Test
• Psychological Test
• Viva Voce

Written Exams:

The first phase of the Central Superior Services Exam in Pakistan is a theory test that consists of 12 papers, 6 of which are compulsory and the rest are elective. In addition, you should be aware of the following:

• To advance to the next phase, you must achieve 40% in compulsory papers and 33% in elective subjects.
• You are free to select any subject they like from the extensive list provided by FPSC.
• Your elective subjects will be based on your educational background

Compulsory Subjects:

The total marks for these compulsory subjects are 600. The following is the list of these subjects:

Subjects	Marks
Current Affairs	100
English (Precis and Composition)	100
English Essay	100
General Science and Ability	100
Islamic Studies Or Alternative Subject for Non-Muslims	100
Pakistan Affairs	100

 

Elective Subjects:

The CSS Syllabus optional subjects have been divided into seven sections by the FPSC. For consistency’s sake, the marks are also divided. You may select any of these subjects from their respective groups. Make sure that all adds up to 600 marks.

Please keep in mind that any subject with 100 points has just one paper. Subjects worth 200 marks consist of two papers.

Medical Test:

After passing the written section of the CSS exams, the next step you take is to have a medical exam to ensure that you are physically fit for this employment.

However, differently-abled individuals can also take the CSS Examination. But, they will be shortlisted in four disciplines including:

• Pakistan Audit and Account
• Postal Service
• Commerce and Trade
• Information Services.

If the candidate has a physical disability, they must receive a ‘disability certificate’ from a recognized authority. However, they have to submit the certificate in advance. In addition, they will be given all the help they need during the exams.

Psychological Test:

Candidates must be physically fit to sit for the CSS exam, but they must also be psychologically competent for this position. CSS candidates will be required to show their intelligence skills via a psychological written test.

The psychological exam in the CSS exams evaluates the applicant’s mental, behavioural, and attitudinal characteristics.

These qualities are thought to be absolutely required for civil services. To validate a candidate’s CSS psychological test traits, prospective CSS candidates will need to go through several testing phases. This includes:

• Written tests
• Group discussions

These phases will involve observing candidate behaviour. In addition, it will involve interviewing the candidates with concerned department experts

Viva Voce:

Candidates who pass the CSS written examination must then take the viva voce phase. The purpose of the Viva Voce section is to test mental talents such as:

• Attentiveness
• Candidate moral character
• Sharpness
• Grasp on-topic content
• General knowledge
• Preparation for the current situation

In addition, you must ensure that you respond to the interviewer’s CSS viva voce questions with a present mind and capability, regardless of what the question is. You should also pay close attention to each viva question and answer to the best of your abilities. Furthermore, make sure that the interviewer accurately acknowledges your responses.

Eligibility Criteria for CSS Exams:

Look at the following eligibility requirements if you want to appear in the CSS Exam in Pakistan:

• Age Criterion: To take the CSS Exam, the candidate must be between the ages of 21 and 30.
• Educational Criterion: The minimal educational qualification for CSS applicants is a Bachelor’s Degree. Candidates must have graduated with at least a second division from a reputable university in Pakistan or abroad.
• Criteria for Nationality: The candidate must be a Pakistani national.

CSS Career and Scope:

You are all aware of the benefits of this degree program in Pakistan. After graduating from CSS, you are directly chosen by the Pakistani government for a grade-17 position in a well-known department.

Because this is one of the highest positions, the salary is higher than that of any public or private job in Pakistan. This degree also enables you to choose your desired field from a list of 12 options, including police, intelligence, the army, and many others.

 

Pakistani students are fortunate to have such a rich, diverse culture and history as their home country. Studying physics in Pakistan can give an understanding of the people, natural resources, and physical environment – which has led to tremendous success in developing solutions for local challenges like energy shortages or earthquakes. Physics is one of the country’s major subjects in the science discipline. MSc Physics is one of the most prestigious and beneficial professional degrees. If you are keen to know the details regarding MSc Physics, then you are at the right place. Physics is the study of the Universe and all that it contains.  

What does an MSc Physics degree offer?  

Physics is a natural science with the aim of learning how everything functions at its most fundamental level. It is one of the oldest academic fields. On ranges ranging from the smallest atomic nucleus to an immense observable Universe, physicists investigate nature.  

Understanding physics is vital if one wants to comprehend our contemporary technological society and the other natural sciences (chemistry, geology, biology, and astronomy). At its core, physics is a combination of experimentation, observation, and the mathematical and computational study of phenomena. Moreover, a physics degree from Pakistan applies skills throughout many industries, including engineering, finance, education, telecommunications and more!  

Why do we need MSc Physics degree holders in Pakistan?  

With more people graduating with Master’s degrees, competition for jobs in engineering, science, research, and teaching are intense. If you are someone who has always been fascinated by how things work or what makes the world go round – or someone who does not want to be bored at their desk all day – then a career in physics might be right up your alley.  

Pakistan is a country with many natural resources, including an abundance of oil and natural gas. Despite this potential wealth, the poverty rate in Pakistan remains high at 22%. The main reason for this is that much of the population needs access to electricity or grid-based sources of energy. Moreover, several things are to be imported because there is no production unit in the country. If we have more graduates in MSc Physics, we will get more opportunities and human capital who can work to decrease the gap.  

A physics degree is a rigorous course of study that requires dedication, patience, and passion. Not everyone can handle the workload or succeed in this demanding field. To be accepted into a program as prestigious as the MSc Physics at the best universities in Pakistan, applicants must have an interest in calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra. This blog post will throw some light on these requirements.  

After my MSc in Physics, Next in Education  

A Master of Science MSC degree in physics provides advanced education in different areas of study, such as nanotechnology or theoretical particle physics. The program typically takes a couple of years to complete, and students can also earn a PhD if they want to continue their research.  

You will need proof that you have completed your undergraduate education with a Bachelor’s Degree from an accredited university. An MSc Physics degree is a program that requires you to complete a certain number of courses. The classes can be taught in person, online, or blended and will include topics such as  

• Electronics,  
• Nuclear Physics,  
• Quantum Mechanics  

To get an MSc Physics degree, students must take three core courses, including electricity and magnetism. So, that was a summary regarding MSc Physics in Pakistan & it can give you insights about its scope and subjects.  

Careers After MSc Physics   

Students who specialise in physics are well-prepared for post-graduate work in physics well as employment in a variety of fields, such as:  

• Manufacturing and Engineering  
• Programming For Computers/Creating Software  
• Consulting In Finance and Management  
• Aerospace And Defence Sector  
• Teaching Science in High School  
• Writing In Journalism or Science  
• Government, Law, and Medicine  
• Research In Physics and Astronomy  
• Lectureship in Physics  

Earning Potential after MSc Physics in Pakistan  

The earning potential after earning MSc Physics could be more stable and predictable due to the opportunity broadness. The scope of making could be anything per the market scale, economic condition, and candidate profile. However, doing advanced study in Physics after MSc, the opportunities expand.  

Conclusion   

Doing MSc Physics in Pakistan is good if you are interested in mechanics, functionality, and such elements. You can either pursue your education after your MSc or enter the career line based on your suitability and interest.  

 

In the next five years, Python’s potential seems promising. Due to its simplicity and adaptability, many experts anticipate that the popularity of the programming language will continue to rise. This article explores the scope of Python and Software Engineering in Pakistan. Python is a programming language and is widely incorporated in software engineering. Software Engineering is one of the most promising careers of this decade. 

Software Engineering -Introduction 

Large projects based on software systems rather than individual programmes or applications are typically the focus of software engineering. The development of software applications with a focus on time, money, and quality efficiency is the main objective of software engineering. Software engineering ensures that the software that needs to be produced should be consistent, correct, on schedule, under budget, and meet all necessary criteria. The four main characteristics of software engineering are as follows:

• Efficiency
• Reliability
• Robustness
• Maintainability

Introduction to Python

There are many apps for Python programming on Android devices, such as PyCharm Community Edition, Codea 2, and SageMathCloud. These apps make writing code easy without using additional hardware like a high-capacity laptop or tablet.  

This article offered handy information about some of these apps, so you can decide which best suits your needs! Python is a powerful programming language. It is simple to learn and has a low entry barrier, but if you want to be good at it, you must put in the time.  

Become a Python Programmer  

There are many apps for Python programmers; some are in high demand these days. This blog post will let you know some more vital Android apps for Python programming, such as Codea, PyCharm Community Edition and Jupyter Notebooks.  

When you try to take admission to a software engineering course, the following query may come to your mind.  

1. How to define a job scope for a software engineering position?  
2. How to discuss the qualifications needed to be successful in this role?  
3. Diverse types of software engineering positions  
4. How to outline the tasks and responsibilities required in software engineering?  

It is good to know the various apps available for this programming course. For example, Python is a powerful and versatile open-source programming language with many applications from web development to machine learning.  

This is not one application that is quite popular, but some other software applications can give you many earnings in the marketplace. For example, Python builds cross-platform mobile apps using the Kivy framework or other structures such as Pyjamas or App Inventor 2.  

Several tools out there make it easy to develop native Android apps in Python, including Codename One (which compiles Java code into native iOS and Android code) and Kivy (which uses its own custom GUI toolkit). Python is a programming language actually used for many different tasks, which are requirements for end users.  

While it was initially created to teach students how to code, it has become one of the most popular languages today. A big part of this success is because there are so many available resources for Python programmers, including tools and tutorials.  

One resource that can make developing Android apps even more accessible with Python programming is the Pyjnius library. This open-source project provides developers with an API and bindings generator to allow them to easily create native Android applications using Python as their coding language.  

Role Prospects in Software Engineering as Python Programmer 

Python developers also known as Software engineer performs the following roles in their professional life.  

• Develop back-end components, integrate front-end developers’ work with the Python application, link apps with external web services, and provide support for those developers.  
• They use the most effective software development techniques to write compelling, reliable, and testable code.  
• Manage the deployment and packaging of the software.  
• Ensure the Python-based apps’ performance and security.  
• Participate in debugging and unit testing to find and fix bugs before release.  
• Assist more experienced developers in mentoring and fostering the professional development of the team’s younger members.  
• Knowledge Keep up with recent developments and trends in Python Programming Languages.  

Skills Acquired by Python Developer  

Beginners will find Python to be simple to learn and highly readable. This flexible programming language powers significant websites like Google and Instagram. The use of Python will broaden over the next five years as more businesses choose to use it for their web development requirements. Python programmers can learn the following skills as per their interests.  

• Data Analytics  
• Machine learning  
• Web development  
• GUI programming  
• Software testing  
• Rapid prototyping  

Career Prospects of Python Programming  

Python developers can be anything from the following professionals.  

• Python Developers  
• Software Engineers  
• Web Developers  
• Machine Learning Engineers  

Earning Potential in Python Development & Software Engineering  

The exact projection about earning a python developer or software engineer is impossible as curation happens due to many diverse selection elements. However, some reliable websites project that the average gross pay for Python developers in Pakistan is Rs 2,601,922, which equates to Rs 1,251 per hour. Additionally, they receive a bonus of Rs 113,444 on average. The typical compensation for a Python developer at the entry-level (with 1-3 years of experience) is Rs 1,848,138. The average pay for a senior-level Python developer (8+ years of experience) is Rs. 3,284,682.  

Conclusion  

Python and Software Engineering holds a massive scope of opportunities in Pakistan and around the globe, and the line is ever-expanding. The reason is the boom in the IT industry and the continued advancement in software, operating systems, and mobile technology. Therefore, the future inland and outland are equally luminous.  

  

 

 

Scope of BS physics in Pakistan:

The BS physics degree in engineering is specifically designed to rigorously prepare students for a technical career in industry, perhaps as engineers, analysts, or consultants. We prepare students by developing their critical thinking and problem-solving skills in the classroom and through research opportunities on or off-campus.

“Engineering” literally means “to make things happen”. Engineering is traditionally about infrastructure.

In today’s world, engineering is recognized as a discipline that also creates technology and products that help make our lives easier. The computers on which we surf the net; medical services, and technologies we trust; household appliances and vehicles.

According to the American Physical Society, 60% of physics students graduate and get a job in some engineering position. Physics students are often better engineers because they are better trained in mathematics and have a broader critical thinking and problem-solving skillset to meet the challenges of an ever-changing technological landscape.

Fields after ICS physics:

Students who have completed ICS, it is better for them to continue their studies and go for a relevant BS physics or any other degree program. In any case, a student cannot pursue studies, have the options for short courses and diplomas.

Following are the fields that a ICS student can choose after intermediate.

• Software Engineering.
• Computer System Engineering
• Electronics Engineering.
• BS Nanotechnology.
• BS Space Sciences.
• BS Physics.
• BS Information Technology
• BS Computational Physics.
• BS Mathematics.

Is Physics a good degree?

Physics’ scope is really good in the market. The qualified physicists are not much in numbers. That fact makes them more in demand and valuable. Specializing in physics is a good deal.

What has applied physics:

There are variety of physics applications in daily life. For example, medical tools, such as X-rays or operations with laser, would not be possible without this branch of science. Is also present in most everyday objects such as telephones, televisions, and almost all electronic devices. Moreover, without the physics neither could airplanes fly, the cars could not move and no buildings could be built. Almost all things are related to physical in some way or another.

BS Physics has many fields of study whose applications are in life daily life of humans. The best common are astrophysics, biophysics, molecular physics, electronics, particle physics, and relativity, among others. Physics belongs to the natural sciences and involves the study of matter and its movements; and behaviors across space and time.

What’s more:

• Relate concepts, such as energy and force
• It is one of the fundamental branches of the disciplines of science
• The greatest goal of Physics is to understand how the Universe.

APPLICATIONS

ELECTROMAGNETISM:

The electromagnetic force is usually exhibited in fields electromagnetic fields electric, magnetic fields, and light.

All electrical equipment used in daily routine are associated with electromagnetism. From microwave ovens, fans electric bells, and electric bells to alarm clocks.

ATOMIC PHYSICS:

The term atomic physics may be associated with nuclear power and weapons nuclear. Although nuclear physics deals only with the nuclei of atoms. Generally, in scientific fields the context is considered broader between several branches; only scientific studies are that specific.

QUANTUM MECHANICS:

This field is called physics quantum or quantum mechanics. The applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, super magnet drivers, lasers, microprocessors, magnetic resonance imaging, and microscopes electrons.

It has also influenced string theories, candidates for a Theory of Everything. New advances in this field are working to improve quantum cryptography. Another goal is the development of computers quantum; they are expected to process tasks much faster than classic computers.

THEORY OF RELATIVITY:

In the theory of relativity, Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all observers. Too determined that the speed of light is the same, regardless of the speed at which the observer trip. One of the effects of that theory is that different observers traveling to different speeds can have different perspectives of the same event; however, all observations are correct. GPS systems rely on it to function. Electromagnets are also possible thanks to relativity. The Older TVs, or those without plasma screens, worked with a mechanism based on relativity.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS:

It is the field of physics (BS Physics) that studies the base of atoms, their constituents, and interactions. Other forms of nuclear matter are studied. Nuclear physics is not the same as atomic physics, a field that study the entire atom and its electrons.

AERODYNAMICS:

Study how air behaves and the relationship it has when an object goes through it. Without the knowledge of this matter, aircraft could not have been designed, rockets, cars, or bridges that survive hurricanes.

Air is a fluid and to pass quickly through it, it is necessary to do it in a long, thin vehicle? You could create as little resistance to the fluid as possible to go Quick. In the same way, it is that humans advance in the sea faster if they swim horizontally; for that reason, planes and trains are shaped tubes.

MOLECULAR PHYSICS:

East field is closely linked with physics atomic and has many aspects in common with theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry, and chemistry.

This branch of physics measures properties of rotation and vibration of the spectrum of molecules, the distances between the nuclei of the molecules, and their properties, among other stuff.

ASTROPHYSICS:

In practice, modern research involves a lot of physics work observational and theoretical. Some areas of study that attempt to determine to include the properties of dark matter, black holes, if they travel in time it is possible if wormholes can form if the multiverse exists, and the origin and destiny of the universe. Astrophysicists also study the formation and evolution of the System Solar, galaxy formation, cosmic rays, and astrophysics particles.

What should I do after BS in physics?

Why study BS Physics? If you are a person interested in your environment. Have the curiosity and who wants to know the why of things, if you have professional concerns and are open to working in fields related to science, technology, computer science, medicine, new energies, teaching. If you are one of those who want your higher education to have the ability to train you to enter a current labor market, nationally and internationally, with high qualification, then your choice is Physics.

What can I work on after studying physics?

According to official studies, the degree of satisfaction with the professional activity carried out among the BS Physics group is one of the highest. The labor field that this career opens up to you is and has one of the lowest unemployment rates.

Following are some examples.

• New Materials
• Meteorology
• IT and Telecoms
• Renewable energy
• Optics and Lasers
• Medicine and Biophysics
• Electricity and electronic
• Quality and Environment Control

In addition to many other fields such as Research and Development, Teaching, Consulting, etc.

Astrophysics and space science:

Below is the brief description of astrophysics and space science.

Astrophysics – Study of the physics of the universe and the stars. Orbital Mechanics – Or astrodynamics, of the spacecraft. Astrobiology – Study of the existence, origin, presence, and influence of life in the whole of the Universe. Exobiology – Study of the possibilities of extra-terrestrial life in the Universe.

Is the Degree in Physics valued?

In this sense, it must be remembered that a graduate in BS Physics is highly valued both from a social point of view. For its high level of training, and from a business point of view, since the Physicist is above all a person capable of seeking the means to find answers to phenomena of different kinds, in the field of science, innovation, and technology, business, computing.

Physics is very broad and versatile with great content both in Mathematics and Computer Science as well as in theoretical and experimental Physics. In addition, you will be able to access a multitude of specialized studies, in case you want to complete your training with a master’s degree at this or another university, in fields as varied as materials engineering, electronics, environment, new energy sources, applications in medicine.

In addition, each student is assigned an Academic Advisor who guides them in a personalized way throughout their Physics studies.

BS Physics jobs and salary in Pakistan:

• Accelerator Operator
• Applications Engineer
• Data Analyst
• Design Engineer
• High School Physics Teacher
• IT Consultant
• Lab Technician
• Laser Engineer
• Optical Engineer
• Research Associate
• Software Developer
• Systems Analyst
• Technical Specialist
• Web Developer

Physicists earn based on their experiences. BS physics is highly recommended if you want to earn a good salary package. The education and experience matters in what you are going to be hired for and what the salary will be. The average salary in this field starts from at least 35000 and goes up to 300,000. It can be changed according to the market value.

Software Engineering in Pakistan:

Software engineering has become one of the key areas in the rise of technology in companies and society. Find out what it is, its objectives and what the work of the software engineer consists of. Software engineering encompasses a wide range of fields in computer science and computer science. This technology now serves two functions. It is the product, but it also serves as a vehicle that transports the product. It serves as the control base for the product as an engine, such as an operating system or a network management system.

In this article, we try to solve some questions about software engineering. What it is, its objectives as well as what the software engineer does in the company.

What is software engineering?

Software engineering is a discipline that involves the use of structures, tools, and techniques to build computer programs.

Likewise, it includes the previous analysis of the situation, the drafting of the project, the creation of the software, and the necessary tests to guarantee the correct functioning of the software before putting the system into operation.

This engineering addresses all phases of the development life cycle of any type of information system and applies to a wide range of areas of computing and computer science, such as the design of compilers, operating systems, and intranet technologies. / Internet: Business, scientific research, medicine, manufacturing, logistics, banking, traffic control, and meteorology are just some of the fields in which you can work.

Difference between Software Engineering and Systems Engineering:

Software engineering is a field of study that encompasses the structures, instruments, and methods used in the development of computer programs. Therefore, software engineering is a branch of engineering that develops and manages software systems using techniques and experiments from computer science, project management, and other disciplines.

Systems engineering deals with the creation and application of information techniques. It covers a wide range of occupations since information management is currently part of any human operation.

Objectives of software engineering:

The objectives of software engineering are very diverse, but we can highlight the following most important:

• Create computer programs that meet the needs of society and companies.
• Guide and coordinate the development of difficult programming.
• Intervene in the life cycle of a product.
• Estimate the costs and the execution time of a project.
• Act as the leader of the software development team.
• Design, development, and administration of databases.
• During the creation of the application, lead and direct the programmers.
• Include quality processes in applications, such as metrics and measurements and software quality evaluation.

Best Software engineering universities in Pakistan:

Following are the few names of universities offering software engineering in Pakistan.

• COMSATS, Islamabad
• NU-FAST
• Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta
• Mirpur University of Science and Technology
• Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
• NUST-SEECS, Islamabad
• University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

The question that which university is best for software engineering in Pakistan is pretty much clear. Students have a vast range of universities offering software engineering programs. Admissions are open every year and each come with different fee structure and course outlines.

Students have the facility to choose on that suits them best.

What jobs can a software engineer do?

The software engineer is trained to work in leadership positions in the conception, construction, design, and implementation of software programs and solutions according to international models, as well as to grow in very diverse areas. The most important career opportunities for the software engineer in this area are:

• IT Director.
• Web application developer and analyst.
• Software developer.
• Software and hardware engineer.
• Computer Systems Administrator
• Website designer.
• Web project manager.
• Head of usability and user experience.
• Cybersecurity expert.
• Integration and testing specialist
• Technology-related consultant (IT).
• Agile web scheduling manager.
• Quality manager/manager.

Scope of software engineering:

If you want to have a career in software engineering, the best way to achieve it is by studying a BS software engineer or Master’s Degree in Software Engineering and Computer science. In addition to preparing you for one of the most required jobs. These types of positions in companies fluctuate with an average salary of 52,000 Rs.

This Master is 100% online, so it will make it possible for you to study while combining it with your personal and professional life. You will have live online classes, a personal tutor, and an innovative virtual campus with a wide range of didactic resources that will complement your learning.

Today, almost everyone is affected by the extensive use of software, as well as user or as a professional in charge of building it. Users should appreciate the advantages of using software, while professionals need to understand the unique software features so that they can build high-quality software and carry out software projects in a satisfactory way.

To understand what software is (and consequently software engineering software), it is important to examine the features of the software that differentiate it from other things that man can build. Software is a logical element and differs from hardware, a physical element, in its features.

Law of diminishing returns in software engineering:

Law of diminishing returns This is a marginal decrease. That is, the increase is smaller each time, therefore, another way of calling this phenomenon is the law of diminishing marginal returns.

According to the law of diminishing (marginal) returns, increasing the quantity of a productive factor in the production of the good or service in question causes the production yield to be lower as we increase this factor. As long as the rest of the factors are kept at a constant level (ceteris paribus).

The basic concept of diminishing marginal returns needs to be explained. If we increase the amount of a productive factor and leave the amount used for the rest fixed, there will come a time when the amount of final product that we obtain is less as we produce more and more. There may even come a time when by increasing a unit of the factor used (for example, labor or machinery), production decreases.

Here the law of diminishing returns has been explained in simple words. It seems that despite what may be thought a priori, increasing a factor not only does not increase the production of the good or the service. However, it can lead to a gradual decrease in the quantity produced.

It is necessary to differentiate this process from that which occurs in diseconomies of scale, the opposite case of economies of scale. In these, the decreases in the production increases are the consequence of the increase of all the factors in the same proportion and not of just one of them, as in the case of diminishing marginal returns.

The law of diminishing returns is generally attributed to the economist David Ricardo, although its principles were defined by the Neapolitan Antonio Serra many decades before.

Example of the law of diminishing returns:

The existence of diminishing returns may seem logical if we think about it from the following point of view: not by having more workers in construction necessarily the work is done more quickly and efficiently.

There may come a point where so many people working in the same space can become bothered by lack of space and not perform their tasks correctly. A greater number of workers will cause the level of production to decrease for each unit of a worker employed. In that case, the marginal increase in production is negative.

The same thing happens by increasing the capital factor. For example, imagine that only one person works in a garden. The work you have to do to produce is enormous. If you buy a tractor you will be able to perform your tasks much better. But buying another tractor will be of no use to you as you cannot drive both at the same time.

Just as the first tractor increased production, the second tractor did not, that is, the marginal performance was zero when the second tractor was added. Let’s imagine you get 10 more tractors. Because you will have to use part of your garden to park them, production will be reduced, with the marginal yield decreasing for each tractor that is added. This example clarifies the law of diminishing returns precisely and justifiably.

 

Exploration and utilisation of hydrocarbon energy sources, such as natural gas and crude oil, are the focus of the field of petroleum engineering. Petroleum engineers analyse and examine geological data when deciding how to best extract these resources from the earth. Degree programmes emphasise skills like well-testing and logging, artificial lift techniques, natural gas transmission, and petroleum storage. If you are searching for the scope of petroleum engineering in Pakistan, this article is your go-to source of information on the internet.  

Why study Petroleum Engineering?  

It is the part of the engineering that combines scientific and practical methods to carry out projects related to the drilling and exploitation of deposits and the production, processing, and transportation of crude oil and processing oil.  

In this career, you will work mainly to develop the national and international oil industry. Likewise, you can analyse, project, design, and optimise drilling techniques for oil and gas wells.  

Petroleum engineering scope in Pakistan  

There is a vast and enormous scope for petroleum and gas engineering in Pakistan. Many oil and gas companies and departments in Pakistan hire a sizable number of people each year at attractive salaries. For the finest improvement of Pakistan’s economy, a great number of businesses and organisations in Pakistan that are involved with oil and gas regularly recruit Petroleum and Gas Engineers for a variety of professions.  

Benefits of petroleum engineering 

The engineering degree enables you to work in the field of technology. It gives one management, maintenance, development, and innovation responsibilities. Engineers use this knowledge to create complex concepts, materials, processes, products, machines, works, and systems.  

In this sense, engineering professionals are assumed to be influential actors in our society since they are trained to respond to challenges such as global climate change, energy provision, housing, transport, and communications problems, based on respect for resources for future generations.  

The knowledge and techniques used by Petroleum engineers come from almost all fields of science. They are constantly developed due to the ongoing search for resources and optimisation of production. In the oil industry, it is necessary to form multidisciplinary teams that work together to discover and extract the hydrocarbons found in the subsoil in different characteristics and complex formations.  

The substantial number of phenomena to be known and problems to be solved make the Petroleum engineer a professional capable of interpreting the data received from geologists, geophysicists, chemists, and physicists. Also, developing methods and optimising processes for the development of reservoirs makes use of all the technologies you have at your fingertips.  

Where can I study Petroleum Engineering?  

The petroleum engineering program aims to train professionals with differentiating elements. They study the foundations, tools, and specific skills that will allow them to integrate into the production schemes of their companies. The alternatives of biological origin and implementation of bioprocesses until the development of products.  

In Pakistan, there are well-recognised universities providing bachelor’s and master’s degree programs in the field of petroleum engineering. You can do your search online.   

The Petroleum Engineer is trained to  

Carry out feasibility studies, projects, calculations, management, construction, installation, inspection, operation, and maintenance of exploration and exploitation of oil and gas fields; surface facilities related to the production of hydrocarbons; treatment, transport, and storage facilities, as well as the lighting and use of groundwater and auxiliary facilities (water, steam, gas, vacuum, among others) for the works.  

• Advice on survey studies, location, and weighting of deposits.  
• Select machines, devices, and instruments related to the oil industry.  
• Carry out arbitrations, appraisals, valuations, and appraisals related to the speciality.  

The Specialisation in Environmental Management in the Mining and Oil Industry will be developed with a multidisciplinary approach. For this, applicants with university undergraduate training in environmental engineering, civil engineering, forestry engineering, chemical engineering, ecology, biology, and related careers. They have performed or are going to perform around ecological management.  

Job Opportunities after doing petroleum engineering in Pakistan  

After attaining a professional degree in petroleum engineering, you can work in either capacity. The titles of the jobs could be different, but the scope more or less of petroleum in Pakistan remains inside the following.   

Completion Engineers  

The most cost-efficient and productive methods to build underground wells are devised by completion engineers. They contribute their knowledge of hydraulic fracturing, pressure-control systems, and tubing to make sure the well makes extraction as easy as possible.  

Drilling Engineers  

These highly skilled petroleum engineers plan, budget, and supervise the drilling of oil and gas wells. They are masters in drilling procedures. Their experience minimises the impact on the environment and lowers drilling expenses.  

Reservoir Engineers  

Reservoir engineers determine how much oil or gas is found in underground reservoirs and rock layers. To advise the optimum methods for extracting oil or gas from the reserve, they undertake assessments of the reservoir site and gather information about the geological layers. Additionally, they keep an eye on activities to guarantee that the reserve’s oil and gas are exploited as effectively as possible.  

Concluding Note  

The petroleum engineering scope in Pakistan is an opportunity for relevant advancement and prosperity worldwide. However, it is not a much-developed league; it could sometimes be demanding.   

   

 

Zoology comes from the Greek language, zoos (animal) and logos (treatise, science). That is why zoology can be defined as the science of animals. From this moment on, it will be easier for readers to guess the main field of zoology study. In this article, you will learn about the scope of zoology in Pakistan and the details of what type of study this is.

What is zoology?

It is the study of animals from the points of view of; morphological and anatomical description of the different animal species. That is, how they are externally and internally and how some animal species differ from others. How it works, how an animal works inside, its nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system if they have it, and how its muscles work. The species’ biology studies the animal’s way of life—feeding and reproduction, and how it develops.

Behaviour and Distribution

Biology of the species: how it relates to other species and the surrounding environment. Once each species’ characteristics are known, classification is carried out. That determines what requirements an individual must meet to be considered a specific species.

What is the study of zoology?

As a general rule, and not only in Pakistan, zoology is studied as a speciality within biology. So if you seek to research zoology to become a zoologist, you should first look at which universities offer biology studies with it. The Program or speciality of zoology must be analysed.

If you have already finished your bachelor’s degree, you can look for a master’s degree, doctorate, or specialisation course that will allow you to move towards this speciality. That will enhance your learning about zoology and the scope of zoology in Pakistan.

Duties of Zoologist

The profession and scope of zoology in Pakistan are considerable;  opportunities for zoologists are diverse. The first and most common is the dedication to zoological research, choosing ain an animal group or specific species of great ecological or economic value. One can also become an animal doctor in some cases.  On the other hand, you can also dedicate yourself to work in museums since zoological collections require updating due to novelties. You can work in zoos where you collaborate and in wildlife conservation centres.

In the field of this type of education. They can do it in formal education for high school or university students and outside the formal area of environmental education. They can also work as experts in public or private nature conservation entities that work in this field or require the performance of fauna studies for environmental impact studies or ecological evaluations for developing projects.

The scope of zoology in Pakistan is defined well when we discuss its profession. Another aspect, perhaps less idealistic, is working in companies that distribute and breed animals or animal products for sale, such as pets. That opportunity also defines the scope of zoology in Pakistan. If you like photography, you can specialise in animal photography and seek to work as a photographer for different media. Moreover, you can even, through a specialisation, work as a journalist specialising in zoology.

From all this, books or scientific articles can be written that give relevance to zoologists and allow them to develop an excellent professional careers. As we can see, the career opportunities of zoologists are not as restricted as they may seem. Given the trend towards environmental awareness, it is expected that it will increase.

The Department of Biology and Evolution of the Faculty of Biological Sciences imparts a Master’s Degree in Zoology after bachelor’s degree. It is to complete its current contribution to the postgraduate course in the field of scientific and applied study of the relevant field.

Professional Education in Zoology

The Master’s in Zoology is based on the training that until now has been imparted with remarkable success in the Specialty of Zoology of the 4th and 5th years of the Bachelor of Biology. That has been lost in the current Degree in Biology. This training has a strong base and is complemented by other aspects of the study and management of animal species. It is helpful for the professional insertion of graduates in the environment, health, agrifood, etc. The interest of this approach focused on the study and management of would be justified for three reasons: the need for this knowledge, its scientific validity, and its training demand.

Life is not structured in the form of self-replicating matter but indiscrete units that we group into species. They retain genetic diversity and shape ecosystem diversity. For this reason, multicellular animals constitute a level of integration of living matter that deserves to be scientifically studied from an integrative perspective. That is, the scope of zoology in Pakistan, from an approach based on the combination of environmental and evolutionary processes that have configured its current diversity of forms. Without a basic biological knowledge of animal species, it is impossible to address and solve such significant problems.

Those are related to managing pests, vectors, parasites, and species of commercial interest (fisheries, hunting, etc.). Also, to evaluate the consequences and scope of their disappearance as a result of human action. For this reason, this type of study is aimed at knowing who they are, what they are like (morphological diversity), how they live (variety of habitats and behaviours), and why they have come to manifest as they do (ecological and evolutionary processes) are necessary) the different species.

All these aspects constitute a central theme of biological knowledge in which it is necessary to train specialists. The scientific vitality of this approach to studying life is the need for knowledge of animal species. Its national and international scientific energy supports it.

Scope of zoology in Pakistan

The scientific interest and the widespread nature and media value of certain animals make them attractive to many researchers and fellow citizens. Those fond of nature promotes the creation of scientific societies or non-governmental organisations dedicated to their study and conservation. In Pakistan, BS Zoology earns up to 458k PKR annually.  

Conclusion

The scope of zoology in Pakistan is vast. Many international NGOs are dedicated to protecting the environment and using animals as models. With which to diagnose the state of conservation of nature and develop the conservation debate in public opinion. Animal husbandry, livestock, veterinarian and zoologists are phenomenal growing areas in the country.